Junrei (pilgrimage) has long been practiced in Japan as a journey of spiritual training and self-exploration, and even today, it remains deeply cherished by many. For those seeking to reflect on themselves or to distance themselves from the noise of daily life and find inner peace, a pilgrimage journey holds a special significance. This article introduces five pilgrimage routes in Japan that are highly regarded by locals. These places provide an opportunity to calm the mind amid rich natural surroundings and take time for self-reflection. Experience the charm of junrei while relaxing in a tranquil environment.
What is a Pilgrimage in Japan?
Throughout the world, famous pilgrimage routes such as the Islamic Hajj and the Christian Camino de Santiago are known for their large-scale communal journeys. These pilgrimages emphasize reaching a final sacred destination while strengthening connections within a religious community. In contrast, pilgrimage in Japan often focuses on personal training, spiritual purification, and making prayers or wishes. The journey itself is considered just as important as the final destination. Because of this, many pilgrimage routes incorporate elements of sangaku shinkō (mountain worship) and shizen suuhai (nature reverence), emphasizing harmony with the natural world. Since many pilgrimage routes pass through mountainous or rural areas, it is advisable to wear appropriate trekking gear. While traditional pilgrims wear shiroshōzoku (white pilgrimage robes), those traveling for sightseeing can comfortably complete the journey in regular trekking attire.
5 Pilgrimage Routes in Japan
Kumano Kodo
Kumano Kodo, registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, is one of the world’s most renowned pilgrimage routes. Along with Camino de Santiago in Spain, it is one of only two pilgrimage routes designated as a UNESCO site, attracting countless travelers with its mystical atmosphere.
This sacred path stretches across Wakayama, Nara, and Mie prefectures and boasts a history of over a thousand years. In ancient times, pilgrims journeyed through rugged terrain to visit the three grand shrines known as Kumano Sanzan: Kumano Hongu Taisha, Kumano Hayatama Taisha, and Kumano Nachi Taisha. The historical depth and solemn atmosphere of Kumano Kodo offer a uniquely spiritual experience.
There are six major routes, each with varying levels of difficulty and distance. Kohechi is a challenging mountain route that connects Koyasan and Kumano, suitable for experienced trekkers. On the other hand, Nakahechi is a more accessible route, featuring stone-paved paths and gentle slopes that allow beginners to enjoy the breathtaking scenery and rich cultural heritage.
Among beginner-friendly routes, the Daimonzaka to Kumano Nachi Taisha path is particularly popular. The gently sloping stone-paved road leads to the stunning Nachi Falls and the sacred grounds of Kumano Nachi Taisha, offering a deeply moving experience. Another recommended route is the Dainichi-goe to Yunomine Onsen path. Though it includes some steep inclines, it passes historical sites such as Kumano Hongu Taisha, Tsukimi-ga-oka Shrine, and Hanakake Jizo, concluding with a soothing soak in Yunomine Onsen.
Shikoku Pilgrimage
The Shikoku Hachijūhakkasho pilgrimage, one of Japan’s most famous junrei, spans the four prefectures of Shikoku—Tokushima, Kochi, Ehime, and Kagawa. This pilgrimage follows the path of Kōbō Daishi (Kūkai), the founder of the Shingon sect of Buddhism, and is commonly known as Ohenro.
Pilgrims, referred to as ohenro-san, traditionally wear shiroshōzoku and carry a kongōzue (wooden pilgrim staff) as they travel from temple to temple. Each site is a place for sutra recitation and prayer, making this pilgrimage a deeply spiritual experience rather than a mere sightseeing journey. Many embark on Ohenro to seek blessings, offer prayers for loved ones, or embark on a journey of self-discovery.
Respectful behavior is essential on this pilgrimage. The Shikoku Hachijūhakkasho is a sacred and historical route, and visitors should maintain a quiet demeanor at temples, avoid interrupting prayers, and show consideration to local communities by carrying out their trash.
The full pilgrimage covers approximately 1,200 km, including both mountain and urban paths. For those choosing to walk the entire route, proper footwear and weather-appropriate clothing are essential. However, for those with limited time, alternative options such as doraibu ohenro (driving pilgrimage) or visiting select temples within a shorter period are available, making the journey accessible to various travelers.
Ise Grand Shrine Pilgrimage
Oise-mairi is the pilgrimage to Ise Jingu, Japan’s most sacred shrine, with a history spanning over 2,000 years. Ise Jingu consists of two primary shrines: Naikū (Inner Shrine), dedicated to Amaterasu-Ōmikami (the sun goddess and ancestral deity of the imperial family), and Gekū (Outer Shrine), dedicated to Toyouke-Ōmikami (the deity of food and industry).
During the Edo period, the phrase “Once in a lifetime, one must visit Ise” (Isshō ni ichido wa Oise-mairi) reflected the immense significance of this pilgrimage. Today, many people visit not only for religious devotion but also to experience the deep history and cultural traditions of the shrine. A fundamental custom of Oise-mairi is to first visit Gekū before proceeding to Naikū, a tradition that has been observed for centuries. The sacred grounds of Ise Jingu begin at Uji Bridge, symbolizing the transition from the earthly world to the divine realm. Visitors should bow before passing through the torii (shrine gate) and purify their hands and mouth at the temizuya (purification fountain) before proceeding to worship.
Aizu 33 Kannon Pilgrimage
The Aizu Sanjūsankannon Meguri is a historic pilgrimage route that involves visiting 33 Kannon temples scattered across the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture. Originating in the Edo period (1603–1868), this pilgrimage follows the Buddhist tradition of worshiping Kannon-sama (the Bodhisattva of Mercy). Some of the temples along this route have a history dating back over 1,000 years, preserving a deep spiritual legacy.
One of the most appealing aspects of this pilgrimage is its accessibility to visitors, including those who may not be familiar with traditional religious practices. As pilgrims walk through the route, they can immerse themselves in the nostalgic charm of Aizu’s historic townscapes and the stunning natural scenery that changes with the seasons. This journey offers not only spiritual solace but also an opportunity to experience the cultural heritage and timeless beauty of the region.
Unlike some other pilgrimage routes that require following a strict order, the Aizu 33 Kannon Pilgrimage allows for a flexible approach—pilgrims can visit the temples in any sequence they choose. This makes it an ideal option for beginners or those who prefer a more leisurely exploration. Some may opt to visit a few temples in a single day, while others take several days to complete the entire circuit. Each temple is uniquely situated, ranging from serene forest clearings to scenic mountain villages, creating a journey that is both peaceful and visually captivating.
For those seeking a blend of spiritual enrichment and cultural immersion, the Aizu Sanjūsankannon Meguri is an excellent choice, offering a deeply rewarding experience amidst the rich natural and historical landscapes of the Aizu region.
Chichibu 34 Kannon Pilgrimage
The Chichibu Fudasho 34 Kannon Reijō is a historic pilgrimage route in the Chichibu region of Saitama Prefecture, encompassing 34 sacred temples dedicated to Kannon, the Bodhisattva of Mercy. This pilgrimage is part of Japan’s Hyakukannon Reijō (100 Kannon Pilgrimage), alongside the Aizu 33 Kannon and Saigoku 33 Kannon pilgrimages. Known locally as Reisho-mairi (visiting sacred sites), this pilgrimage has been deeply respected and practiced by locals for centuries.
Dating back to the 13th century, the Chichibu pilgrimage has provided a spiritual journey for countless devotees. Over time, it has evolved into a path not only for religious practice but also for personal reflection and appreciation of nature. One of its most captivating aspects is the breathtaking scenery along the route—majestic mountains, serene valleys, and traditional Japanese landscapes surround the pilgrimage path, making it a popular destination for those who enjoy hiking.
The full route spans approximately 100 kilometers and consists of ancient stone-paved roads and mountainous trails. The diversity of the terrain ensures that every section of the journey presents a unique experience. Many of the temples are tucked away deep in the mountains, reflecting their historical significance as sites of ascetic training. However, there are also relatively easy-to-walk sections, allowing both beginners and experienced trekkers to enjoy the pilgrimage at their own pace.
One of the greatest advantages of the Chichibu pilgrimage is its accessibility from Tokyo. Visitors can embark on a short spiritual retreat, visiting a few temples in a single day, or take several days to complete the entire circuit. Whether for religious devotion, cultural exploration, or simply a meditative escape into nature, the Chichibu 34 Kannon Pilgrimage offers an unforgettable experience that harmonizes history, spirituality, and the beauty of Japan’s rural landscape.
Etiquette for Visiting Sacred Sites
When visiting temples and shrines, it is important to observe proper etiquette. Upon entering, visitors should bow at the entrance and maintain a respectful attitude within the sacred grounds. Appropriate attire is also important. Revealing or excessively flashy clothing should be avoided, and a modest, respectful outfit is recommended. Within shrine and temple grounds, mobile phones should be set to silent mode, and loud conversations should be avoided. If worshippers are engaged in prayer, maintaining a quiet and respectful atmosphere is particularly important. Additionally, some sites require visitors to remove their shoes before entering, and certain rituals may need to be followed. Each shrine and temple carries deep spiritual meaning, so respecting local customs and adhering to specific guidelines is essential.
Summary
A pilgrimage journey offers not only physical travel but also a profound opportunity for inner reflection and spiritual renewal. Walking through serene natural landscapes allows one to cleanse the mind and find peace away from daily distractions. Whether undertaken for religious reasons or personal growth, Japan’s junrei provides a uniquely enriching experience.
