Japan, despite being a small island nation, is a country where rich nature, historical architecture, and clean, well-organized cityscapes exist in harmony. Japanese culture has been passed down through generations over centuries, evolving into a unique form. This article introduces seven aspects of Japan’s traditional culture. By exploring these traditions nurtured through history, you may gain a deeper understanding of Japan’s unique values and aesthetics.
Washoku (Traditional Japanese Cuisine)
Washoku is a traditional food culture based on a combination of rice, soup, side dishes, and pickles, with its structure said to have been established in the late Heian period (794–1185). One of its key characteristics is the minimal use of animal fats and the development of cooking techniques that enhance the natural umami (savory taste) of the ingredients.
Washoku respects a diverse range of fresh ingredients and expresses the changing seasons and nature through food. Recognized for these qualities, it was inscribed on UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list in December 2013.
Additionally, washoku is deeply connected to Japan’s annual events, with traditional seasonal dishes being an essential part of its food culture. For example, osechi-ryōri (New Year’s cuisine) and ehōmaki (a sushi roll eaten during Setsubun (seasonal division day)) are well-known examples. These meals are not merely for sustenance but also serve as a way to embrace the seasons and celebrate life’s milestones. Washoku is more than just food—it embodies the Japanese philosophy of harmony with nature and appreciation for the passage of time.
Kimono (Traditional Japanese Clothing)
The kimono, Japan’s traditional garment, traces its origins back to the Heian period (794–1185). Even today, it is worn on special occasions and during annual events.
Formal kimono, such as tomesode (a formal kimono worn by married women) and furisode (a long-sleeved kimono for young, unmarried women), are worn at ceremonies like weddings and coming-of-age celebrations, while summer festivals and other seasonal events are occasions for wearing yukata (a lightweight cotton kimono). For casual outings, komon (a casual kimono with a small, repetitive pattern) or wool kimono are suitable choices. A defining charm of the kimono is the ability to select the appropriate style for each occasion, allowing the wearer to enjoy an attire that matches the setting and fully immerse themselves in the cultural aesthetic.
Matsuri (Festivals)
In Japan, Buddhism and Shinto (Japan’s indigenous religion) coexist, and matsuri are deeply connected to both religions. While each festival has its own unique purpose and traditions, the common underlying theme is expressing gratitude and prayers to the deities. Additionally, Japan’s geographical diversity, stretching from north to south, has given rise to distinct regional cultures and local festivals. The time of year and location determine the atmosphere and traditions of each matsuri, allowing visitors to fully enjoy a variety of festive experiences.
Here are three of Japan’s most famous matsuri:
Aomori Nebuta Matsuri
One of the most renowned summer matsuri in the Tohoku (northeastern) region, featuring massive illuminated warrior-shaped floats called nebuta that parade through the streets, creating a dramatic and awe-inspiring spectacle.
Tokushima Awa Odori
Awa Odori is Japan’s largest bon odori (Bon festival dance), with a history of over 400 years. It is a participatory festival where spectators can join the dancers, whose graceful yet dynamic movements are accompanied by lively festival music.
Kyoto Gion Matsuri
Gion Matsuri is one of Japan’s three great festivals. During the Yamahoko Junko (grand float procession), ornately decorated floats move through Kyoto’s streets. The festival’s origins date back to the Heian period (794–1185), when it began as Gion Goryo-e (a ritual to ward off plagues).
Kabuki & Noh
Kabuki
Kabuki is a traditional performing art that combines music, drama, and dance. In the era before television, it was a popular form of entertainment for common people, providing not only performances but also a way to stay informed about societal trends. It remains highly regarded today.
Currently, there are over 300 kabuki plays, categorized into three main types.
The first category is Jidaimono (historical dramas), which depict the lives of samurai, aristocrats, and feudal lords. The second is Sewamono (domestic dramas), which portray the lives, emotions, and struggles of commoners in a realistic manner. The third category is Shosagoto (dance dramas), consisting mainly of elegant dances and musical performances.
A distinctive feature of kabuki is kumadori (bold stage makeup), a specialized makeup technique where different colors symbolize various character traits. This unique visual style helps even first-time viewers understand the story and character roles more easily. Red represents justice and courage, typically used for heroic roles. Blue or black signifies cruelty and villainy, highlighting antagonistic characters. Brown is used for supernatural beings or non-human creatures.
With its opulent costumes, dramatic performances, and elaborate stage effects, kabuki provides a rich and immersive experience of Japan’s traditional arts.
Noh
Noh is another form of traditional Japanese theater, performed with masks and elaborate costumes. Many noh plays are based on myths, legends, and historical events, depicting profound spiritual and emotional themes through subtle and controlled movements.
One of the defining characteristics of noh is the use of nōmen (Noh masks), of which there are approximately 250 types. Different masks are selected based on the character’s role and emotions, carefully chosen to reflect the background of each story and the inner feelings of the characters. Examples include Koomote (a mask representing young women), Hannya (a mask symbolizing jealousy and rage), and Okina (a mask depicting deities or spirits).
Through its quiet and refined performance style, noh offers a deeply immersive and meditative theatrical experience, allowing audiences to appreciate its layered storytelling and profound aesthetic.
Glass Craft & Washi
Glass Craft
Japanese glass craftsmanship varies by region, each with its own distinct characteristics:
- Edo Kiriko: Features delicate cuts that create intricate patterns, beautifully refracting light.
- Satsuma Kiriko: Recognized for its “gradual shading” technique and thick glass layering.
- Tenma Kiriko: A blend of fine cutting techniques and contemporary designs.
- Hizen Bidoro: Traditional blown glass with a soft shape and distinctive waviness.
- Ryukyu Glass: Recycled glassware with vibrant tropical colors and decorative air bubbles.
Washi
Here, we introduce Japan’s three most famous types of washi.
Echizen Washi from Fukui Prefecture has a history of over 1,500 years. Its fine fibers interlock to create a smooth yet durable texture. Because of its exceptional strength, it was historically used for banknotes and official documents. It continues to be highly valued as a material for luxury washi and artistic works.
Mino Washi from Gifu Prefecture is known for its exceptionally thin and translucent quality. When light passes through it, its beauty is enhanced, making it a popular material for shoji (paper sliding doors) and traditional lighting. In recognition of its cultural significance, Mino Washi was inscribed on UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list.
Tosa Washi from Kochi Prefecture is renowned for its lightweight yet strong composition, offering excellent breathability and absorbency. It is widely used for printing and calligraphy, and it is particularly valued in the fields of woodblock printing and ink painting due to its ability to capture delicate artistic details.
Architecture
Japan’s traditional architecture is known for its harmony with nature and high functionality.
Shrines
Shinto shrines are sacred spaces where deities of nature, ancestors, and daily life are worshipped. Many are constructed from wood and designed to blend seamlessly with their natural surroundings. A notable feature is kigumi (wooden joinery), a technique that interlocks wooden components without using nails, making it a distinct and defining characteristic of traditional shrine architecture. Famous shrines include Ise Jingu (Mie Prefecture), Izumo Taisha (Shimane Prefecture), and Ishigami Jinja (Nara Prefecture).
Castles
Once military fortifications, Japanese castles were strategically built using natural landscapes for defense while showcasing stunning architectural beauty. Though Japan once had over 25,000 castles, only 12 original towers remain today, including Himeji Castle (Hyogo Prefecture) and Matsumoto Castle (Nagano Prefecture).
Japanese Gardens
Japanese gardens are designed to create harmony between architecture and nature, using stones, plants, flowing water, flowers, and moss to depict landscapes. They offer an opportunity to experience the changing seasons and provide a tranquil setting that soothes the hearts of visitors. Among Japan’s most renowned gardens are Kenrokuen in Ishikawa Prefecture, Korakuen in Okayama Prefecture, and Kairakuen in Ibaraki Prefecture, known collectively as Nihon Sanmeien (Japan’s Three Great Gardens).
Budō (Japanese Martial Arts)
Japanese budō (martial arts) is not merely about physical training—it also serves as a path to mental and spiritual growth. Each martial art has its own unique techniques and philosophies, reflecting deep-rooted values of discipline and respect.
Sumo
Sumo is Japan’s national sport and the oldest martial art, characterized by its powerful clashes between wrestlers. The objective is to push the opponent out of the ring or make them touch the ground, with matches often being decided in mere seconds, adding to the sport’s intense appeal.
Judo
Judo is a martial art that focuses on using an opponent’s strength against them, employing techniques such as throws and pins. Strategy and timing are crucial, and the explosive movements of judo captivate spectators. Moreover, judo emphasizes rei (respect), encouraging practitioners to show courtesy to their opponents and instructors, fostering both physical and mental discipline.
Karate
Karate is known for its swift, precise movements and striking power. The beauty of kata (choreographed forms) and the sharp intensity of ikken hissatsu (one-strike knockout) techniques are central elements. Matches are filled with tension, where even the smallest opportunity can determine the outcome. Beyond the excitement of competition and the beauty of technique, exploring the underlying spiritual culture of budō offers a deeper appreciation of its true essence.
Summary
Were there any traditional Japanese cultural experiences in this article that caught your interest?
ENJYU JAPAN offers exclusive programs for those eager to experience Japan’s unique traditions firsthand.
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